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Kirchhoff’s circuit laws
2 the most important laws in electrotechnics
“Nothing dies in nature”. This proverb reflects very well two most important laws in electrotechnics : Current and Voltage Kirchhoff’s laws which are fundamental in study of electrotechnics. Regardless you are designer or electronic technician, well understanding how current behaves in closed circuit is prerequisite if you are going to fix or design electronic appliances.
1st Kirchhoff’s law – The Current Law says :
“At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node”
What does it mean ? Let’s check application in simple electrical circuit :
According to KCL (Kirchhoff Curent Law)
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0
How is it possible that added values are worth 0 ? Because some charges will have positive potential, differents will have negative potential, in other words some charges will get into the node , some will leave the node.
so in above case
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
Let’s substitute real value I1 = 5A , I2 = 7A , I3 = 4A
what is the value of I4 = ? of course 8A
Let’s check this in real life !
My power source has 120 volts, I want to energize 4 bulbs (100W, 60W, 60W, 40W) with different resistance. The question is :
How many Ampers my electrical circuit will require to works properly?
I will use the formula : Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4
But before I do that I need to know the value of I1 I2 I3 I4, I am going to calculate it using
Ohm’s law formula I = U/R
I1 = 120V/144Ω = 0.83A
I2 = 120V/240Ω = 0.5A
I3 = 120V/240Ω = 0.5A
I4 = 120V/360Ω = 0.33A
Itotal = 0.83A + 0.5A + 0.5A + 0.33A = 2.16A
So, in order to energize 4 bulbs i my electrical circuit I have to provide 2.16 amps
2nd Kirchhoff’s law – The Voltage Law says :
“The sum of the electromotive forces in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop “
In other words :
V1 + V2 + V3 - Vn… = 0
Let me draw your attention at this electrical circuit:
We can see two circuits ORANGE and BROWN, let’s count voltage drops for these paths
ORANGE 4V + 1V + 5V – 10V = 0
BROWN 4V – 3V + 9V – 10V = 0
Let’s check this in real life !
I want to energize 4 bulbs connected in series each bulb should be powered by 2,2V source of energy. The question is:
How many Volts do I have to provide to switch them all on ?
2,2V + 2,2V + 2,2V + 2,2V – Vtotal = 0
Vtotal = 8,8V
So, in order to switch on 4 bulbs we have to provide 8,8 Volts.